Ну, у тебя мышление такое развесистое! Если открыли новые молекулы, то между тем тем как их открыли, и людям продавать типа 20 лет проходит. Ты бы лучше не поленилась, и нашла кто их открыл. вот смотри про drug discovery: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-clinical_development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company#The_cost_of_innovation The cost of innovation Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved by the FDA. Each year, only about 25 truly novel drugs (New chemical entities) are approved for marketing. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (New chemical entity or NCE), has been estimated at about 1 billion USD[1](not including marketing expenses). A study by the consulting firm Bain & Company reported that the cost for discovering, developing and launching (which factored in marketing and other business expenses) a new drug (along with the prospective drugs that fail) rose over a five year period to nearly $1.7 billion in 2003.[2] These estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop. The consumer advocacy group Public Citizen suggests on its web site that the actual cost is under $200 million, about 29% of which is spent on FDA-required clinical trials. For me-too-drugs and for generics, the cost are even less. Calculations and claims in this area are controversial because of the implications for regulation and subsidization of the industry through federally funded research grants.
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branchandroot
no subject
Date: 2007-10-04 03:53 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2007-10-04 05:11 pm (UTC)Каким же образом я могу быть ученым из Цюриха?
no subject
Date: 2007-10-04 09:31 pm (UTC)Ну я думала, вряд ли на основании ТОЛЬКО ЧТО открытой молекулы начнут лекарства выпускать, да людям продавать? А проблематика вроде твоя.
no subject
Date: 2007-10-05 12:49 am (UTC)вот смотри про drug discovery:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-clinical_development
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company#The_cost_of_innovation
The cost of innovation
Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved by the FDA. Each year, only about 25 truly novel drugs (New chemical entities) are approved for marketing. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (New chemical entity or NCE), has been estimated at about 1 billion USD[1](not including marketing expenses). A study by the consulting firm Bain & Company reported that the cost for discovering, developing and launching (which factored in marketing and other business expenses) a new drug (along with the prospective drugs that fail) rose over a five year period to nearly $1.7 billion in 2003.[2]
These estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop. The consumer advocacy group Public Citizen suggests on its web site that the actual cost is under $200 million, about 29% of which is spent on FDA-required clinical trials. For me-too-drugs and for generics, the cost are even less.
Calculations and claims in this area are controversial because of the implications for regulation and subsidization of the industry through federally funded research grants.